**Video contains graphic images of the holocaust**
Overview
Canada is at a critical crossroads as multiple crises – economic inequality, misinformation, polarization, and global instability – intersect and threaten the health of its democracy. This chapter argues that liberal democracy, grounded in the rule of law, individual rights, and civic responsibility, is essential to solving these challenges, yet it is increasingly fragile both globally and in Canada. While Canada has strong democratic foundations, they only work if citizens actively understand, protect, and participate in them. The future remains open: especially for young people, whose engagement, critical thinking, and willingness to act are vital to strengthening democracy and shaping a more stable, just, and hopeful Canada.
Define
- Liberal Democracy
- Rule of Law
- Civic Responsibility
- Accountability
- Democratic Backsliding (Democratic Decline)
- Populism
- Autocracy
- Electoral Autocracy
- Civic Engagement
- Surveillance Capitalism
- Algorithm
- Echo Chamber
- Polarization
- Foreign Interference
- Post-Truth Politics
- Habituation
- Fear Weaponization
- Civic Culture
- Pluralism
- Historical Amnesia
- Stewardship of Democracy
Referenced Resources
- Section 1
- Across the Globe Are Dissatisfied With How Democracy Is Working
- Inside the new reality for Canadian politicians
- Extremism, hateful rhetoric becoming ‘normalized’ in Canada, spy agency head warns
- Trust in Crisis: Canadians Lose Confidence in Institutions Now Gone
- Canada’s trust divide is growing, and that could spell bad news for the future
- Parliamentary systems do better economically than presidential ones
- Global Democracy Report: Majority of Countries Worsen as Press Freedom Hits 50-Year Low
- Democracy under threat? Polarization and public policy in Canada
- America’s democratic decline has critical lessons for Canadian voters
- Troubling trends in Canadian democracy
- The slow crumbling of Canadian democracy; Our parliamentary system is in a state of disrepair so advanced that it has lost much of its relevance, Andrew Coyne writes.
- Democracies in Decline
- The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- New Report: The global decline in democracy has accelerated
- This Is How Democracy Dies
- U.S. could lose democracy status, says global watchdog
- Trump's Actions Have Created a Constitutional Crisis
- The House of Representatives Is Failing America
- Congress dormant, courts undermined — why America’s checks and balances are in crisis
- Understanding democratic decline in the United States
- The Beacon of Democracy Goes Dark
- ICE raids and fear tactics: Is America becoming a police state?
- The President's Police State
- Our divided nation will fall unless we restore pragmatism
- Threats to US Democracy: Dangerous Cracks in Its Pillars
- Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism
- Voters See Democracy in Peril, but Saving It Isn't a Priority
- Jan. 6 Capitol Attack: Key Moments Leading to Riot and How It Unfolded
- A war on truth is raging. Not everyone recognizes we're in it.
- The End of Rule of Law in America
- The Path to American Authoritarianism
- The Threat of Civil Breakdown Is Real
- What exactly is the Tea Party?
- Looking Back at the Economic Crash of 2008
- The Great Recession and Its Aftermath
- Three weeks that changed the world
- Great Recession - Definition, Cause & 2008
- How the 2008 financial crisis crashed the economy and changed the world
- How the Bankers Destroyed the Dream
- How the Tea Party Transformed American Politics
- The Tea Party Didn't Get What It Wanted, but It Did Unleash the Politics of Anger
- The Real Cost of the 2008 Financial Crisis
- The Tea Party Movement Is Alive and Well—And We Saw Trump Coming
- Income inequality boosted Trump vote
- We’re witnessing the continuing cultural divergence of Canada and the United States
- Rising inequality: A major issue of our time
- US election: Trump victory a working-class backlash against economic inequality
- Inequality has risen from 1970 to Trump − that has 3 hidden costs that undermine democracy
- Income Inequality: The Canadian Story
- Income inequality is changing how we think, live, and die
- Economic inequality leads to anger – and riots
- How Germany's AfD Became a Political Powerhouse
- How strongmen mastered the art of dividing Europe
- Explainer: Populism - Left and Right, Progressive and Regressive
- Political Parties Have Disconnected From the Public
- Dismissive centrists are making it way too easy for populists to win
- ‘Disrupt or be disrupted’, mainstream parties warned as voters turn to populists
- Revealed: one in three Europeans now vote anti-establishment
- Poll shows many Canadians disconnected from democracy, vulnerable to populism
- Economic Inequality—Populism's Rallying Cry
- The Global Rise of Populism
- Don't demonize populism
- After Trump, Is American Democracy Doomed by Populism?
- What actually is populism? And why does it have a bad reputation?
- The Canadian Social Gospel: 1880-1960
- CCF Premier Tommy Douglas changed the face of his adopted country
- European Populism, From Left to Right
- Populism can degrade democracy but is on the rise − here’s what causes this political movement and how it can be weakened
- Global Voter Fury Ushers in Era of the 'Authoritarian Populist'
- Why Populism Is Here to Stay
- "The Populist Paradox" by Megan Morrell and Seth Masket
- New political divide on both sides of Atlantic: populists v cosmopolitans
- How to Understand the Global Spread of Political Polarization
- Trump’s lurking assault on Canada rests on endless lies and irrational populism
- Donald Trump's Appeal to Rust Belt Workers
- How Trump gave a voice to unheard America
- Trump promised retribution - how far will he go?
- The weaponisation of victimhood
- John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, 1st Baron Acton
- El Salvador voters set to trade democracy for promise of security in presidential election
- Serbia's Authoritarian (Re)turn
- President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is throttling Turkey’s democracy
- 'Electoral autocracy': The downgrading of India's democracy
- Hungary's Descent Into Dictatorship
- The Philippines: From ‘People Power’ to Democratic Backsliding
- Trump paints a dark America only he can save
- Reclaiming Democracy: The Dangerous Playbook of Modern Populists
- The populist challenge to liberal democracy
- How Charlie Kirk and Turning Point USA helped Trump and MAGA win
- Meet the New Autocrats Who Dismantle Democracies from Within
- How media consumption patterns fuel conspiratorial thinking
- You're Living in the Golden Age of Conspiracy Theories
- How conspiracy theories threaten modern democracies
- The problem of living inside echo chambers
- How Donald Trump brings MAGA ideals into global politics
- Declining American Democracy: Trump is a Symptom, Not the Cause
- The Internet and the Recession
- How the Tea Party Transformed American Politics
- How the Great Recession Influenced Today’s Populist Movements
- How Social Media Has Changed the Way Political Movements Organize
- How the Great Recession paved the way for influencers to inherit the earth
- The rise of social media
- Technology and Tyranny: Social Media and the End of the Liberal World Order
- Yes, Social Media Really Is Undermining Democracy
- How Social Media Destroys the Things That Matter Most
- Big Tech Has Become Way Too Powerful
- Apple, Amazon Wealthier than More than 90% of the World’s Countries
- Is Big Tech ungovernable?
- You Anon
- Internet + Discourse: Is social media destroying our ability to say ‘I Disagree’?
- Canada isn’t deeply polarized yet. Here's what new research reveals
- It's Hard to Escape Facebook's Vortex of Polarization
- Dark and strange content is slipping through social media's cracks
- Do social media threaten democracy?
- We've reached a breaking point: Online hate threatens our democracy
- Echo chambers, rabbit holes, and ideological bias: How YouTube recommends content to real users
- The Small but Mighty Danger of Echo Chamber Extremism
- The power of groupthink: Study shows why ideas spread in social networks
- Social media's role in fueling extremism and misinformation in a divided political climate
- Online Sabotage
- The Normalizing of Extreme Politics Is Playing Out on Twitter
- The role of social media in polarizing Canadians
- Canada and Foreign Interference
- Canadians describe surveillance, intimidation and terror ‘under China’s shadow’
- Social Media: how algorithms influence election campaigns
- Explainer: How disinformation, fake news and foreign interference threaten Canadian election
- Foreign interference is a threat chipping away at pieces of democracy
- Foreign interference didn't impact result of last federal election: Elections Canada
- Foreign meddling a 'stain' on Canada's elections, public inquiry report says
- CSIS braces for possible foreign interference as Alberta, Quebec eye sovereignty
- Canada can't be complacent about threats to our democracy
- 'Rolling tariff threats' to rock Canada's economy
- Build more pipelines to tariff-proof our economy
- Canada ships more oil to China as U.S. threatens trade
- Increasing trade ties with China would be a grave mistake
- Meng and the Michaels: why China’s embrace of hostage diplomacy is a warning to other nations
- Meng for the two Michaels: Lessons for the world from the China-Canada prisoner swap
- Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor arrive in Canada after nearly 3-year detention in China
- In Ukraine war, China is helping tilt momentum in Russia’s favor, top U.S. spy says
- Seven ways Russia's war on Ukraine has changed the world
- Carney says China is a foreign interference, geopolitical threat for Canada
- Canada spies found China interfered in last two elections, probe hears
Think about it
- What does the chapter mean by liberal democracy, and how is it different from party politics?
- Why does the chapter argue that democracy is essential to solving Canada’s major challenges?
- According to the chapter, why are strong institutions not enough to protect democracy on their own?
- What does Peter Biro mean by the “civic immune system”?
- How does the chapter explain democratic backsliding as a gradual process rather than a sudden collapse?
- How did the 2008 financial crisis contribute to political anger and populism?
- Why can populism be both positive and dangerous for democracy?
- What role does fear play in weakening democratic societies?
- How do misinformation and disinformation differ, and why do both matter for democracy?
- What is meant by 'habituation', and how does it make democratic decline harder to notice?
- How do social media algorithms shape what people believe is true?
- What is surveillance capitalism, and how does it affect privacy and democracy?
- Why does the chapter suggest that technology companies can become more powerful than governments?
- How can online echo chambers increase polarization?
- In what ways can foreign actors use social media to interfere in democratic processes?
- Why does the chapter say Canada is stronger than many democracies, but not immune?
- How does economic inequality in Canada differ from the United States, and why does that matter politically?
- Why should Canada approach trade relationships with countries that do not share its values with caution?
- How does what happens in other countries affect Canada’s democracy?
- Why is it dangerous to assume - it can’t happen here?
- How can young people be drawn toward extremist movements during times of uncertainty?
- Why is forgetting history a serious risk to democracy?
- What responsibilities do citizens have in a democracy beyond voting?
- How does the chapter challenge the idea that democratic problems are caused only by leaders?
- Why is civic engagement alone not enough. Why does how people engage matter?
- What does it mean to be a steward of democracy?
- How can everyday choices (especially online) affect democratic health?
- What gives the chapter its sense of hope, despite the seriousness of the challenges?
- What warning signs of democratic decline should Canadians be most alert to today?
- Which idea or quote from the chapter challenged your thinking the most, and why?
- What is one action individuals can take to strengthen democracy in their community?
- How can disagreement exist without undermining democracy?
- Do you believe democracy is worth the effort and messiness it requires? Why or why not?
Referenced Resources
- U.S. indictment alleges multiple Indian assassination plots across North America
- Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader
- India’s words are anti-war, but New Delhi’s actions are propping up Putin’s regime
- Ukraine’s invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin’s last red lines
- Canada still faces persistent foreign interference threat from India, CSIS warns
- Canada 'must remain vigilant' about Indian foreign interference, CSIS report cautions
- China, Russia spying on governments, businesses in Canada’s Arctic: CSIS director
- The Human Face of Systemic Rivalry and the Mistake of Not Speaking Out
- Hong Kong’s Freedoms: What China Promised and How It’s Cracking Down
- Brazilian lawmakers seek to decimate green laws one week after hosting climate summit
- U.S. social media platforms are a national security threat
- China 'compromised' Canadian government networks and stole valuable info: spy agency
- As Carney resumes diplomatic ties, India accused of renewed threats to Canadians
- Carney heads to the U.A.E. amid questions about atrocities in Sudan
- A Threat to Canadian Sovereignty: National Security Dimensions
- Resisting disinformation during an election
- A ‘social’ disease: Canadians face new battle with political spin and manipulation ahead of vote
- Battling deepfakes: How AI threatens democracy and what we can do about it
- Deepfakes: A Real Threat to a Canadian Future
- The rise of AI fake news is creating a ‘misinformation superspreader’
- AI-generated misinformation can create confusion and hinder responses during emergencies
- Poll finds 90% of Canadians have fallen for fake news
- How the Left and Right Undermined Trust in Government
- Explainer: what is postmodernism?
- Trump as postmodernist: Truth no longer bound by facts
- A fistful of facts and the end of truth
- The end of truth and the resurgence of propaganda
- 43% of Canadians believe scientific findings are ‘a matter of opinion’: poll
- The new era of 'alternative facts'
- Media fragmentation and the rise of the gated news community
- Opposing opinions could make 'echo chamber' even tighter
- How polarization and splintered media are fostering a world of doubt
- Truth and lies, trust and doubt: how should we be navigating the misinformation crisis?
- The Art of the Lie? The Bigger the Better
- How "post-truth" entered the political mainstream
- How Lying Has Become More Widespread and Acceptable
- Trump continues insults of rape accuser, pushing election lies during CNN town hall
- Inside the new reality for Canadian politicians
- Four Ways Online Incivility Harms Canadian Politics
- Trump blasts his trial judges. Then his fans call for violence.
- Your crass bumper sticker can snowball into something darker
- Online campaign targeting Globe journalist draws condemnation as an attack on press freedom
- Trudeau accuses Conservative MPs of standing with 'people who wave swastikas'
- Has Trudeau committed treason?
- It's tough to talk politics these days, but it helps to start by listening
- Why can't we agree on what's true any more?
- Why we can't stop clicking on rage bait
- From clicks to chaos: How social media algorithms amplify extremism
- How Everyday Social Media Users Become Real-World Extremists
- The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism
- How tech platforms fuel U.S. political polarization and what government can do about it
- How autocratic regimes use social media to win over citizens
- The tech taxes at the heart of Trump's tariff war
- How Big Tech is now the real threat to Canada's sovereignty
- Social media stupidifies and radicalizes us
- Social networks and the age of stupidification: A deepening crisis
- From Democratic Decline to Authoritarian Aggression
- Age and Political Identity: Liberal when young, Conservative when old?
- Are Young People Actually Progressive?
- Who likes authoritarianism, and how do they want to change their government?
- How Disinformation Splintered and Became More Intractable
- Democracy under threat as young people warm to authoritarian rule, researchers say
- Why is the far right gaining popularity among young people?
- Why the far right is surging all over the world
- Political Unrest Worldwide Is Fueled by High Prices and Huge Debts
- ‘Desperate for change’ – but is UK gen Z really disillusioned with democracy?
- Here's How Quantum Computing Could Change the World
- Young people are abandoning democracy for dictators. I can understand their despair
- Renaissance warfare: a military revolution
- The Blood Behind the Beauty
- Burning Ambition in Renaissance Florence: The Life and Death of Girolamo Savonarola
- A Fanatical Monk Inspired 15th-Century Italians to Burn Their Clothes, Makeup and Art
- re We Traveling the 'Road to Unfreedom'?
- The Collapse of the Weimar Republic and the Rise of National Socialism in Germany
- Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship
- Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Rise to Power, 1918–1933
- How the Hitler Youth Turned a Generation of Kids Into Nazis
- Understanding Youth Perceptions Towards Authoritarianism
- Online hate and aggression among young people in Canada
- Youth gangs in Canada: What do we know?
- Youth Sentenced for Terrorism
- Exploring sense of belonging among youth
- Youth radicalization is on the rise. Here’s what we know about why.
- Perceived social breakdown fuels desire for authoritarian leaders, new psychology study shows
- Global leaders warn of ecological collapse and technological meltdown
- New UN report warns of global social crisis driven by insecurity, inequality, and distrust: World Social Report 2025
- A generation adrift: Why young people are less happy and what we can do about it
- The Return of Book-Banning and Burning in the United States
- The Left Behind: What makes young people join the far right?
- enaissance Lessons for an Age of Collapse
- Fascism shattered Europe a century ago — and historians hear echoes today in the U.S.
- The Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda
- 'Trump has given people permission to hate openly'
- The hate algorithm: How social media fuels radicalization
- How the Politically Unthinkable Can Become Mainstream
- How Hitler Used Democracy to Take Power
- Today’s Teenagers: Anxious About Their Futures and Disillusioned by Politicians
- How extremists use popular culture to lure recruits
- Teenagers aren't good at spotting misinformation online
- Auschwitz liberation 75th anniversary
- Youth and the Far Right: Bridging Global Perspectives and Local Realities
- Holocaust Is Fading From Memory, Survey Finds
- New Survey by the Azrieli Foundation and the Claims Conference Finds Critical Gaps in Holocaust Knowledge
- How Many People did the Nazis Murder?
- "Final Solution": Overview - Holocaust Encyclopedia
- Survey finds ‘shocking and saddening’ lack of Holocaust knowledge among millennials and Gen Z
- Young People Are Disengaging from Sustainability
- Why Are Youth Dissatisfied with Democracy?
- Mass Shootings of Jews during the Holocaust
- Nazi Gas Chambers | Holocaust Encyclopedia
- Anti-Semitism surges as memories of Holocaust fade
- We Owe Nothing to the Future: Questioning The Burden Placed on Youth to Save Us
- Putin's attack on democracy is working. Just look at Europe.
- The Trump Threat to the Rule of Law and the Constitution
- Trump uses government powers to target perceived enemies
- What you need to know about the SNC-Lavalin affair
- Trudeau under fire over claim he pressured justice minister to intervene in SNC-Lavalin fraud case
- Trudeau violated ethics law by pressing Wilson-Raybould over SNC-Lavalin deal, Ethics Commissioner rules
- Canada's Trudeau admits 'erosion of trust' in SNC-Lavalin case
- Why political scandals, like Trudeau’s ethics breach, don’t always change voters’ minds
- Trust in government is recovering but a new “generational trust gap” is emerging
- Democracy, the first casualty of the war on truth
- ‘Polycrisis’ may be a buzzword, but it could help us tackle the world’s woes
- Doomsday Clock moved closest ever to destruction
- We Are Witnessing the First Stages of Civilization's Collapse
- A ‘Crossroads’ for Humanity: Earth’s Biodiversity Is Still Collapsing
- Are we heading for World War 3?
- Ukraine war student-turned-soldier: 'Friends die in your arms'
- The New Authoritarianism
- Gen Z misery, explained in one chart