Overview

Canada is at a critical crossroads as multiple crises – economic inequality, misinformation, polarization, and global instability – intersect and threaten the health of its democracy. This chapter argues that liberal democracy, grounded in the rule of law, individual rights, and civic responsibility, is essential to solving these challenges, yet it is increasingly fragile both globally and in Canada. While Canada has strong democratic foundations, they only work if citizens actively understand, protect, and participate in them. The future remains open: especially for young people, whose engagement, critical thinking, and willingness to act are vital to strengthening democracy and shaping a more stable, just, and hopeful Canada.

Define

  • Liberal Democracy
  • Rule of Law
  • Civic Responsibility
  • Accountability
  • Democratic Backsliding (Democratic Decline)
  • Populism
  • Autocracy
  • Electoral Autocracy
  • Civic Engagement
  • Surveillance Capitalism
  • Algorithm
  • Echo Chamber
  • Polarization
  • Foreign Interference
  • Post-Truth Politics
  • Habituation
  • Fear Weaponization
  • Civic Culture
  • Pluralism
  • Historical Amnesia
  • Stewardship of Democracy

Referenced Resources

Think about it

  • What does the chapter mean by liberal democracy, and how is it different from party politics?
  • Why does the chapter argue that democracy is essential to solving Canada’s major challenges?
  • According to the chapter, why are strong institutions not enough to protect democracy on their own?
  • What does Peter Biro mean by the “civic immune system”?
  • How does the chapter explain democratic backsliding as a gradual process rather than a sudden collapse?
  • How did the 2008 financial crisis contribute to political anger and populism?
  • Why can populism be both positive and dangerous for democracy?
  • What role does fear play in weakening democratic societies?
  • How do misinformation and disinformation differ, and why do both matter for democracy?
  • What is meant by 'habituation', and how does it make democratic decline harder to notice?
  • How do social media algorithms shape what people believe is true?
  • What is surveillance capitalism, and how does it affect privacy and democracy?
  • Why does the chapter suggest that technology companies can become more powerful than governments?
  • How can online echo chambers increase polarization?
  • In what ways can foreign actors use social media to interfere in democratic processes?
  • Why does the chapter say Canada is stronger than many democracies, but not immune?
  • How does economic inequality in Canada differ from the United States, and why does that matter politically?
  • Why should Canada approach trade relationships with countries that do not share its values with caution?
  • How does what happens in other countries affect Canada’s democracy?
  • Why is it dangerous to assume - it can’t happen here?
  • How can young people be drawn toward extremist movements during times of uncertainty?
  • Why is forgetting history a serious risk to democracy?
  • What responsibilities do citizens have in a democracy beyond voting?
  • How does the chapter challenge the idea that democratic problems are caused only by leaders?
  • Why is civic engagement alone not enough. Why does how people engage matter?
  • What does it mean to be a steward of democracy?
  • How can everyday choices (especially online) affect democratic health?
  • What gives the chapter its sense of hope, despite the seriousness of the challenges?
  • What warning signs of democratic decline should Canadians be most alert to today?
  • Which idea or quote from the chapter challenged your thinking the most, and why?
  • What is one action individuals can take to strengthen democracy in their community?
  • How can disagreement exist without undermining democracy?
  • Do you believe democracy is worth the effort and messiness it requires? Why or why not?

Referenced Resources